不定式
动词不定式,为非谓语动词。在英语语法中,动词不定式是指动词中的一种不带词形变化从而不指示人称、数量、时态的一种形式。它之所以被称做不定式,是因为动词不被限定,或者说不被词性变化所局限。不定式属于非谓语动词形式。
动词不定式在句中可以作句子除谓语之外的任何句子成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动词的属性。
动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者(动词的使用者)发出。这一使动者(动词的使用者)我们称之为逻辑主语。
一、不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:
1、把不定式置于句首 如:
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.骑自行车到那儿将花费我们半个小时。
To make up for lost time is not possible.要弥补失去的时光是不可能的。
To lean out of the window is dangerous.身子探出窗外很危险。
To save money now seems impossible.现在好像不可能存钱。
2、用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后
常用于下列句式中。如:
① It+is+名词+to do
It’s our duty to take good care of the old. 照顾老人是我们的责任。
It is an offence to drop litter in the street. 在马路上乱丢废物是违章的。
② It takes sb+some time+to do
How long did it take you to finish the work? 你花了多少时间来完成这项工作?
③ It+be+形容词+for sb+to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.
我们难以在四分之一小时内完成这篇作文。
It is stupid of you to write down everything (that) the teacher says.
你把老师说的所有东西都记下来的行为是很愚蠢的。
④ It seems(appears)+形容词+to do
It seemed impossible to save money.
⑤ It + 不定式结构可位于believe/consider/discover/expect/find/think和wonder之后
He thought it would be safer to go by train.他认为乘火车比较安全。
He will find it is hard to make friends.他会感觉到交朋友困难。
不定式的完成式也可作句子的主语
To have made the same mistake twice was unforgivable.
两次犯同样的错误是不可原谅的。
It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all.
爱过而后失去了爱,比从未爱过要好。
二、不定式做宾语
1、以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语
afford (付得起),agree(同意),aim(力求做到),appear(显得),arrange(安排),ask(要求),attempt (试图),care(想要),choose(决定),claim(声称),condescend(屈尊),consent(准许),decide(决定),demand(要求),determine(决心),endeavor(竭力),expect(期待),fail(未履行),help(帮助),hesitate(犹豫),hope(希望),learn(学会),manage(设法),neglect(疏忽),offer(主动提出),plan(计划),prepare(准备),pretend(假装),proceed(接着做),promise(答应),prove(证明),refuse(拒绝),resolve(解决),seem(觉得好像),swear(发誓),tend(往往会),threaten(预示),undertake(承诺),volunteer(自愿做),vow(发誓),want(想要),wish(希望)
举例:
The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2、动词+疑问词+ 不定式
decide,know,consider,forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tell
举例:
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can’t make up my mind which to buy.
有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
3、主语+动词+it+补语+to do
当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式。如:
We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.
我们认为很好地学习外语对我们来说非常重要。
He feels it his duty to help the poor.他觉得帮助穷人是他的责任。
I find it difficult to learn English well. 我发现很难学好英语。
三、不定式作补语
1、动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
常见动词:advise,allow,believe,cause,challenge,compel,declare,encourage,forbid,force, find,hire,induce,instruct,invite,like,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,select,send,suppose,tell,train,urge
例句:
Father will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
We believe him to be guilty.我们相信他是有罪的。
2、to + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词
常见动词:acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare,discover,fancy,feel,find,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see,show,suppose,take,understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
3、to be +形容词
常见动词:Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4、there be + 不定式
常见动词:believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstand
We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.
我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard,think believe,take,consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
5、秃头不定式作补语
秃头不定式, 即不带“to”的不定式,其语法功能一般在句子中作宾语的补语(宾语补足语)。
口诀:“五看、三使役“,“两听、一感”要记住,若是“宾补”变“主补”,主补“to”字不能无。动词let属例外,其宾补/主补“to”均无
说明:
- 五看—–see/watch/notice/observe/look at;
- 三使役—–have/make/let;
- 两听—–hear/listen to;
- 一感—–feel。
例句:
I often see him go to school on foot.(秃头不定式作宾语补足语)
He is often seen to go to school on foot.(不定式作主语补足语,要带“to”)
Let him try again.—- He is let try again.(let的主补与宾补均用秃头不定式)
Find 特殊用法
Find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
四、不定式作表语
定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。
①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.
③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.
当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果(例①)。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组(例②)时,或以what引导的名词性分句(例③),不定 式说明主语的内容。
④Our work is serving the people.
⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper.
⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.
④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Serving thepeople is our work,而⑥句中是现在分词作表语,说明主语的性质、状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。
五、不定式作状语
1、目的状语
To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2、作结果状语
作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3、表原因
I’m glad to see you.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard,but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案:B. 如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。
当动词与介词连用时,常位于“形容词+动词不定式”结构的末尾。
六、不定式作定语
不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如:
①The next train to arrive is from Washington.
②Do you have anything to be taken to your sister?
③Do you have anything to say on the question?
④Would you please give me some paper to write on?
⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last.
不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系:
(1)表示将来的动作(例①)。
(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词(例④)。
(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍用主动语态(例③);如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态(例②)。
(4)不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例①to arrive=that will arrive。
语义不同
stop to do(停现在做的去做另一件事)
stop doing(停止正在做某事)
forget to do(忘记去做某事)
forget doing(忘记做了某事)
remember to do(记得要去做某事)
remember doing(记得做过某事)
regret to do(遗憾做某事)
regret doing(遗憾做了某事)
cease to do(长时间停止做某事)
cease doing(短时间停止做某事)
try to do(努力做某事)
try doing(试着做某事)
go on to do(继续去做某事)
go on doing(继续做某事)
afraid to do(担心做某事)
afraid doing(担心正在做的事)
interested to do(对做某事感兴趣)
interested doing(对正在做的感兴趣)
mean to do(打算做某事)
mean doing(做某事很有意义)
begin/ start to do(开始去做某事)
begin/ start doing(开始做某事)
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